| Holdemanella biformis |
Taxonomy
Morphology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical characters
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Phylum Bacillota (Firmicutes), Class Erysipelotrichia, Order Erysipelothrichales, Family Erysipelotrichaceae, Genus Holdemanella,
Holdemanella biformis (Eggerth 1935) De Maesschalck et al. 2014.
Synonyms: Bacteroides biformis Eggerth 1935, Eubacterium biforme (Eggerth 1935) Prevot 1938.
Holdemanella biformis (Eggerth 1935) De Maesschalck et al. 2014.
Synonyms: Bacteroides biformis Eggerth 1935, Eubacterium biforme (Eggerth 1935) Prevot 1938.
Gram-positive, short, oval cocco-bacilli 0.7-1.0 x 1-1.5 µm. Longer, irregular or
branched forms may appear. Metachromatic granules may be large and and
numerous in the bacillary forms, or they may be absent. Non-motile.
branched forms may appear. Metachromatic granules may be large and and
numerous in the bacillary forms, or they may be absent. Non-motile.
Colonies on liver-infusion blood agar are flat, grayish, with a wavy outline and 3-6 mm
in diameter. They may be smooth or they may be studded with small knobs. On blood
agar plates the colonies are similar but smaller (1.5 to 3 mm. in diameter). On glucose
agar, some strains fail to grow in colonies, though there is slight growth where the
inoculum is heavy. Some strains form a very few flat colonies on glucose agar, 2 to 3
mm in diameter. A slight turbidity develops in glucose broth, with a small flocculent
sediment. The pH reaches 5.2 to 4.8. Growth temperature is 37 ºC.
in diameter. They may be smooth or they may be studded with small knobs. On blood
agar plates the colonies are similar but smaller (1.5 to 3 mm. in diameter). On glucose
agar, some strains fail to grow in colonies, though there is slight growth where the
inoculum is heavy. Some strains form a very few flat colonies on glucose agar, 2 to 3
mm in diameter. A slight turbidity develops in glucose broth, with a small flocculent
sediment. The pH reaches 5.2 to 4.8. Growth temperature is 37 ºC.
Isolated from human faeces.
Non-pathogenic for white mice. When injected subcutaneously into rabbits, it produces abscesses like those formed by Bacteroides
aerofaciens. The organisms are numerous in the pus, appearing chiefly as coccoid forms in pairs and chains.
aerofaciens. The organisms are numerous in the pus, appearing chiefly as coccoid forms in pairs and chains.
- De Maesschalck C, Van Immerseel F, Eeckhaut V, De Baere S, Cnockaert M, Croubels S, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R,
Vandamme P. Faecalicoccus acidiformans gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the chicken caecum, and reclassification of
Streptococcus pleomorphus (Barnes et al. 1977), Eubacterium biforme (Eggerth 1935) and Eubacterium cylindroides (Cato et al.
1974) as Faecalicoccus pleomorphus comb. nov., Holdemanella biformis gen. nov., comb. nov. and Faecalitalea cylindroides gen.
nov., comb. nov., respectively, within the family Erysipelotrichaceae. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:3877-3884.
In M2GSC broth, moderate amounts of butyric acid, acetic acid, lactic acid and propionic acid are produced.
Positive results for acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, acid production from: L-arabinose,
D-glucose, galactose, glucosamine, levulose, D-mannitol and D-xylose.
Negative results for cystine arylamidase, aesculin hydrolysis, esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), alpha-fucosidase, alpha- and
beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, alpha- and beta-glucosidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, lipase (C14), leucine
arylamidase, alpha-mannosidase, trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, urease, valine arylamidase, arginine arylamidase, leucyl glycine
arylamidase, pyroglutamic acid arylamidase, alanine arylamidase, glycine arylamidase, histidine arylamidase, acid production from:
adonitol, dulcitol, erythritol, glycerol, inositol, inulin, melezitose, L-rhamnose and D-sorbitol.
There is no action on coagulated egg white, lead acetate broth, or nitrate broth. Indole is not formed.
Variable results for gelatin hydrolysis, acid production from: aesculin, amygdalin, cellobiose, dextrin, glycogen, lactose, maltose,
raffinose, sucrose, salicin, starch and trehalose. Milk is acidified and coagulated by those strains that ferment lactose.
Positive results for acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, acid production from: L-arabinose,
D-glucose, galactose, glucosamine, levulose, D-mannitol and D-xylose.
Negative results for cystine arylamidase, aesculin hydrolysis, esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), alpha-fucosidase, alpha- and
beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, alpha- and beta-glucosidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, lipase (C14), leucine
arylamidase, alpha-mannosidase, trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, urease, valine arylamidase, arginine arylamidase, leucyl glycine
arylamidase, pyroglutamic acid arylamidase, alanine arylamidase, glycine arylamidase, histidine arylamidase, acid production from:
adonitol, dulcitol, erythritol, glycerol, inositol, inulin, melezitose, L-rhamnose and D-sorbitol.
There is no action on coagulated egg white, lead acetate broth, or nitrate broth. Indole is not formed.
Variable results for gelatin hydrolysis, acid production from: aesculin, amygdalin, cellobiose, dextrin, glycogen, lactose, maltose,
raffinose, sucrose, salicin, starch and trehalose. Milk is acidified and coagulated by those strains that ferment lactose.
(c) Costin Stoica
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