| Paenibacillus polymyxa |
Taxonomy
Morphology
Growth conditions
Biochemical characters
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Phylum Bacillota (Firmicutes), Class Bacilli, Order Caryophanales, Family Paenibacillaceae, Genus Paenibacillus, Paenibacillus
polymyxa (Prazmowski 1880) Ash et al. 1994
Old synonyms: Clostridium polymyxa Prazmowski 1880, Granulobacter polymyxa (Prazmowsky) Beijerinck 1893, Aerobacillus
polymyxa (Prazmowsky) Donker 1926, Bacillus polymyxa (Prazmowsky) Mace 1889, Astasia asterospora Meyer 1897, Bacillus
asterosporus (Meyer) Migula 1900, Aerobacillus asterosporus (Meyer) Donker 1926, Bacillus aerosporus Greer 1928.
According to Kwak et al. 2020, Paenibacillus jamilae is a later heterotypic synonym of Paenibacillus polymyxa.
polymyxa (Prazmowski 1880) Ash et al. 1994
Old synonyms: Clostridium polymyxa Prazmowski 1880, Granulobacter polymyxa (Prazmowsky) Beijerinck 1893, Aerobacillus
polymyxa (Prazmowsky) Donker 1926, Bacillus polymyxa (Prazmowsky) Mace 1889, Astasia asterospora Meyer 1897, Bacillus
asterosporus (Meyer) Migula 1900, Aerobacillus asterosporus (Meyer) Donker 1926, Bacillus aerosporus Greer 1928.
According to Kwak et al. 2020, Paenibacillus jamilae is a later heterotypic synonym of Paenibacillus polymyxa.
Gram-positive, Gram-variable or Gram-negative rods, 2.0-5.0 x 0.6-0.8 μm. Motile by
peritrichous flagella. Spores are ellipsoidal, central, subterminal or terminal; swelling
the sporangia. Spores have a heavily ridged surface. S-layers (extracellular
pollysaccharide) are present.
peritrichous flagella. Spores are ellipsoidal, central, subterminal or terminal; swelling
the sporangia. Spores have a heavily ridged surface. S-layers (extracellular
pollysaccharide) are present.
Colonies on nutrient agar are thin; often with amoeboid spreading. On glucose agar
they are usually heaped, mucoid with matt surface. Adherent to agar medium.
Aerobic, facultative anaerobic. Growth temperature from 5-10 ºC to 35-45 ºC
(optimum 30 ºC). Grows at pH 5-12 (optimum pH 7). No growth in 5% and 7% NaCl.
Growth in 2% NaCl is variable.
they are usually heaped, mucoid with matt surface. Adherent to agar medium.
Aerobic, facultative anaerobic. Growth temperature from 5-10 ºC to 35-45 ºC
(optimum 30 ºC). Grows at pH 5-12 (optimum pH 7). No growth in 5% and 7% NaCl.
Growth in 2% NaCl is variable.
Spores are widespread. Multiplication occurs mainly in decomposing vegetation. Antibiotic producer („polymyxin”).
Asssociated with the rhizosphere (grasses, wheat) where many strains provide protection to the plant and enhance plant growth
(production of phytohormones). Most strains fix atmospheric nitrogen under anaerobic conditions.
Asssociated with the rhizosphere (grasses, wheat) where many strains provide protection to the plant and enhance plant growth
(production of phytohormones). Most strains fix atmospheric nitrogen under anaerobic conditions.
Undetermined.
- Bîlbîie V., Pozsgi N., 1985, Bacteriologie Medicală, vol.ll, Ed. Medicală, Bucureşti.
- Gordon R.E., Haynes W.C., Pang C.H. (1973) – The genus Bacillus . Agriculture Handbook No. 427, U.S.D.A., Washington D.C.
- Buchanan R.E., Gibbons N.E., Cowan S.T., Holt J.G., Liston J., Murray R.G.E., Niven C.F., Ravin A.W., Stanier R.W. ( 1974) –
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, Eight Edition, The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore. - Răducănescu H., Valeria Bica-Popii, 1986, Bacteriologie veterinară, Ed. Ceres, Bucureşti.
- Priest F.G., 2009. Genus I. Paenibacillus Ash, Priest and Collins 1994. In: (Eds.) P.D. Vos, G. Garrity, D. Jones, N.R. Krieg, W.
Ludwig, F.A. Rainey, K.-H. Schleifer, W.B. Whitman. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume 3: The Firmicutes,
Springer, 269-295. - Kwak MJ, Choi SB, Ha SM, Kim EH, Kim BY, Chun J. Genome-based reclassification of Paenibacillus jamilae Aguilera et al. 2001
as a later heterotypic synonym of Paenibacillus polymyxa (Prazmowski 1880) Ash et al. 1994. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:
3134-3138.
Positive results for catalase, hydrolysis of esculin, hydrolysis of cellulose (weak), hydrolysis of starch, gelatin liquefaction,
decomposition of casein, reduction of nitrate to nitrite, Voges-Proskauer test, acid production from arabinose, mannitol, glucose
(with gas), glycerol, xylan and xylose.
Levan is formed from sucrose; accumulates in large capsules, not in surrounding medium.
Can assimilate carbon sources: alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, starch, amygdalin, arabinose, arbutin, beta-gentiobiose, cellobiose,
aesculin, fructose, galactose, glucose, glycerol, glycogen, lactose, maltose, mannitol, mannose, melibiose, raffinose, ribose, salicin,
sucrose, trehalose, turanose, and xylose.
Negative results for utilization of citrate as a source of carbon, indole production, hydrolysis of urea, oxidase and degradation of
tyrosine.
decomposition of casein, reduction of nitrate to nitrite, Voges-Proskauer test, acid production from arabinose, mannitol, glucose
(with gas), glycerol, xylan and xylose.
Levan is formed from sucrose; accumulates in large capsules, not in surrounding medium.
Can assimilate carbon sources: alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, starch, amygdalin, arabinose, arbutin, beta-gentiobiose, cellobiose,
aesculin, fructose, galactose, glucose, glycerol, glycogen, lactose, maltose, mannitol, mannose, melibiose, raffinose, ribose, salicin,
sucrose, trehalose, turanose, and xylose.
Negative results for utilization of citrate as a source of carbon, indole production, hydrolysis of urea, oxidase and degradation of
tyrosine.
(c) Costin Stoica
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