| Cytobacillus firmus |
| (A) vegetative cells by Gram staining (B) spores by Malachite-green staining |
| Cytobacillus firmus colonies on Sheep Blood Agar |
Taxonomy
Morphology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical characters
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Phylum Bacillota (Firmicutes), Class Bacilli, Order Caryophanales, Family Cytobacillaceae, Genus Cytobacillus, Cytobacillus firmus
(Bredemann and Werner 1933) Patel and Gupta 2020.
Old synonym: Bacillus firmus Bredemann and Werner 1933.
Possible synonym: Bacillus imomarinus ZoBell and Upham 1944.
Differentiated in two biovars by some sugars fementation and substrates utilization as
sole carbon source.
(Bredemann and Werner 1933) Patel and Gupta 2020.
Old synonym: Bacillus firmus Bredemann and Werner 1933.
Possible synonym: Bacillus imomarinus ZoBell and Upham 1944.
Differentiated in two biovars by some sugars fementation and substrates utilization as
sole carbon source.
Gram-positive, 1.2-3.8 / 0.6-1.0 µm, motile by peritrichous flagella.
Spores are oval or cylindrical, subterminal, paracentral or central, rarely swelling the
sporangia.
Spores are oval or cylindrical, subterminal, paracentral or central, rarely swelling the
sporangia.
On TSA at 30 ºC, after 3 days, colonies are 1-12 mm in diameter, creamy-yellow to
pale orange-brown , with margins that vary from entire to finely rhizoidal, and surface
appearances that are egg-shell to glossy, sometimes with granular or zoned areas in
center.
Facultatively anaerobic. Maximum temperature 40-50 ºC; minimum temperature, 5-20
ºC, optimum 20-30 ºC. Grows in 2-7% NaCl. Optimum pH 7-9 (growth range 6-11).
NaCl, allantoin or urate are not required for growth.
pale orange-brown , with margins that vary from entire to finely rhizoidal, and surface
appearances that are egg-shell to glossy, sometimes with granular or zoned areas in
center.
Facultatively anaerobic. Maximum temperature 40-50 ºC; minimum temperature, 5-20
ºC, optimum 20-30 ºC. Grows in 2-7% NaCl. Optimum pH 7-9 (growth range 6-11).
NaCl, allantoin or urate are not required for growth.
Sparsely represented in nature, has been isolated mainly from soil.
Unknown (none).
- Gordon R.E., Haynes W.C., Pang C.H. (1973) – The genus Bacillus. Agriculture Handbook No. 427, U.S.D.A., Washington D.C.
- Buchanan R.E., Gibbons N.E., Cowan S.T., Holt J.G., Liston J., Murray R.G.E., Niven C.F., Ravin A.W., Stanier R.W. ( 1974) –
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, Eight Edition, The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore. - Buiuc D., Negut M. , 2009. Tratat de Microbiologie Clinica, editia a III-a, Bucuresti.
- N.A. Logan and P. De Vos, 2009. Genus I. Bacillus Cohn 1872. In: (Eds.) P.D. Vos, G. Garrity, D. Jones, N.R. Krieg, W. Ludwig, F.A.
Rainey, K.-H. Schleifer, W.B. Whitman. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume 3: The Firmicutes, Springer, 21-127. - Patel S, Gupta RS. A phylogenomic and comparative genomic framework for resolving the polyphyly of the genus Bacillus:
Proposal for six new genera of Bacillus species, Peribacillus gen. nov., Cytobacillus gen. nov., Mesobacillus gen. nov.,
Neobacillus gen. nov., Metabacillus gen. nov. and Alkalihalobacillus gen. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:406-438.
Positive results for catalase, starch hydrolysis, reduction of nitrate to nitrite,
decomposition of casein (weak), gelatin liquefaction, acid from: glucose, mannitol,
glycerol, starch, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, maltose, sucrose and trehalose.
Negative results for Voges-Proskauer test, resistance to lysozyme, utilization of citrate
and propionate, indole production, arginine dihydrolase, lysine decarboxylase,
ornithine decarboxylase, H2S production, tryptophan deaminase, beta-galactosidase,
hydrolysis of urea, egg yolk reaction, acid production from: L-xylose, methyl
beta-xyloside, salicin, D- or L-arabinose, D-mannose, adonitol, amygdalin, D- or
L-arabitol, arbutin, cellobiose, dulcitol, erythritol, D- or L-fucose, galactose,
beta-gentibiose, gluconate, meso-inositol, inulin, 2- or 5-ketogluconate, lactose,
lyxose, melezitose, melibiose, raffinose, rhamnose, ribose, sorbitol, sorbose and
xylitol.
Variable results for esculin hydrolysis, acid from: D-xylose, glycogen and fructose.
decomposition of casein (weak), gelatin liquefaction, acid from: glucose, mannitol,
glycerol, starch, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, maltose, sucrose and trehalose.
Negative results for Voges-Proskauer test, resistance to lysozyme, utilization of citrate
and propionate, indole production, arginine dihydrolase, lysine decarboxylase,
ornithine decarboxylase, H2S production, tryptophan deaminase, beta-galactosidase,
hydrolysis of urea, egg yolk reaction, acid production from: L-xylose, methyl
beta-xyloside, salicin, D- or L-arabinose, D-mannose, adonitol, amygdalin, D- or
L-arabitol, arbutin, cellobiose, dulcitol, erythritol, D- or L-fucose, galactose,
beta-gentibiose, gluconate, meso-inositol, inulin, 2- or 5-ketogluconate, lactose,
lyxose, melezitose, melibiose, raffinose, rhamnose, ribose, sorbitol, sorbose and
xylitol.
Variable results for esculin hydrolysis, acid from: D-xylose, glycogen and fructose.
(c) Costin Stoica
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