| Bacillus atrophaeus |
B. atrophaeus / B. subtilis brown pigment production
| Spores and vegetative cells (malachite-green staining) |
Taxonomy
Morphology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical characters
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Phylum Bacillota (Firmicutes), Class Bacilli, Order Caryophanales, Family Bacillaceae, Genus Bacillus, Bacillus atrophaeus
Nakamura 1989.
Includes strains formerly called Bacillus subtilis var. niger.
Phenotypically hard to distinguish it from B. mojavensis, B. subtilis subsp.
spizizenii and B. subtilis subsp. subtilis and B. vallismortis.
Nakamura 1989.
Includes strains formerly called Bacillus subtilis var. niger.
Phenotypically hard to distinguish it from B. mojavensis, B. subtilis subsp.
spizizenii and B. subtilis subsp. subtilis and B. vallismortis.
Gram-positive, motile rods, 0.5-1.0 x 2.0-4.0 µm, central, paracentral, ellipsoidal
endospores (0.6-0.8 x 1.0-1.4 µm) in unswollen sporangia.
endospores (0.6-0.8 x 1.0-1.4 µm) in unswollen sporangia.
Colonies are opaque, smooth, circular, up to 2 mm in diameter after 2 days at 28 ºC,
and form a brown-black soluble pigment in 2-6 days on media containing tyrosine or
other organic nitrogen source. Growth is observed at pH 6 - 7; temperature range
10-55 ºC (optimum 30 ºC). NaCl is not required for growth, 7% NaCl tolerance.
Allantoin or urate are not required. No growth with lysozyme 0.001%.
and form a brown-black soluble pigment in 2-6 days on media containing tyrosine or
other organic nitrogen source. Growth is observed at pH 6 - 7; temperature range
10-55 ºC (optimum 30 ºC). NaCl is not required for growth, 7% NaCl tolerance.
Allantoin or urate are not required. No growth with lysozyme 0.001%.
Isolated mainly from soil. No growth with lysozyme present.
Unknown. Used as bioindicator for sterilization control.
- N.A. Logan and P. De Vos, 2009. Genus I. Bacillus Cohn 1872. In: (Eds.) P.D. Vos, G. Garrity, D. Jones, N.R. Krieg, W. Ludwig, F.
A. Rainey, K.-H. Schleifer, W.B. Whitman. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume 3: The Firmicutes, Springer, 21-127. - Nakamura L.K., 1989. Taxonomic relationship of black-pigmented Bacillus subtilis strains and a proposal for Bacillus
atrophaeus sp. nov. IJSB 39, 3, 295-300. - Ruiz-Garcia C, Quesada E, Martinez-Checa F, Llamas I, Urdaci MC, Bejar V. Bacillus axarquiensis sp. nov. and Bacillus
malacitensis sp. nov., isolated from river-mouth sediments in southern Spain. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2005; 55:1279-1285.
Positive results for hydrolysis of casein, beta-galactosidase (ONPG), hydrolysis of
gelatin, catalase, nitrate reduction, hydrolysis of starch, Voges-Proskauer reaction,
citrate utilization, acid production from: amygdalin, fructose, D-glucose, D-mannitol,
salicin and sucrose.
Negative results for degradation of tyrosine, arginine dihydrolase, ornithine
decarboxylase, lysine decarboxylase, deamination of phenylalanine, hydrolysis of
urea, hydrolysis of Tween 80, tryptophan deaminase, egg yolk reaction, oxidase, acid
production from: D-arabinose, glycogen, methyl alpha-D-glucoside, methyl beta-
xyloside, beta-gentibiose, lactose, melibiose, raffinose, starch and D-turanose.
Variable results for acid production from: L-arabinose, mannose, galactose, maltose,
ribose, sorbitol, trehalose D- and L-xylose.
gelatin, catalase, nitrate reduction, hydrolysis of starch, Voges-Proskauer reaction,
citrate utilization, acid production from: amygdalin, fructose, D-glucose, D-mannitol,
salicin and sucrose.
Negative results for degradation of tyrosine, arginine dihydrolase, ornithine
decarboxylase, lysine decarboxylase, deamination of phenylalanine, hydrolysis of
urea, hydrolysis of Tween 80, tryptophan deaminase, egg yolk reaction, oxidase, acid
production from: D-arabinose, glycogen, methyl alpha-D-glucoside, methyl beta-
xyloside, beta-gentibiose, lactose, melibiose, raffinose, starch and D-turanose.
Variable results for acid production from: L-arabinose, mannose, galactose, maltose,
ribose, sorbitol, trehalose D- and L-xylose.
(c) Costin Stoica
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