Taxonomy
Morphology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical characters
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Firmicutes => Bacilli => Lactobacillales => Enterococcaceae => Enterococcus => Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder 1906)
Schleifer and Kilpper-Bälz 1984, type species of the genus. Lancefield group D.
Basonym: Streptococcus faecalis Andrewes and Horder 1906.
Historical synonyms: Micrococcus ovalis Escherich 1886, Streptococcus liquefaciens
Sternberg 1892, Micrococcus zymogenes MacCallum and Hastings 1899,
"Enterocoque" Thiercelin 1902, Enterococcus proteiformis Thiercelin and Jouhaud
1903, Streptococcus glycerinaceus Orla-Jensen 1919.
Schleifer and Kilpper-Bälz 1984, type species of the genus. Lancefield group D.
Basonym: Streptococcus faecalis Andrewes and Horder 1906.
Historical synonyms: Micrococcus ovalis Escherich 1886, Streptococcus liquefaciens
Sternberg 1892, Micrococcus zymogenes MacCallum and Hastings 1899,
"Enterocoque" Thiercelin 1902, Enterococcus proteiformis Thiercelin and Jouhaud
1903, Streptococcus glycerinaceus Orla-Jensen 1919.
Gram positive, ovoid cells elongated in the direction of the chain, occur singly, in
pairs, or in short chains. Usually non-motile; rarely motile.
pairs, or in short chains. Usually non-motile; rarely motile.
Colonies on blood agar or nutrient agar are circular, smooth, and entire. Most strains
are non-hemolytic; rarely, strains exhibit beta-hemolysis.
Strains grow at 10 and 45 °C, survive heating at 60°C for 30 min, and grow in 6.5%
NaCl at pH 9.6 and in 0.1% methylene blue milk. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Growth occurs in the presence of 0.04% tellurite, and in the presence of 0.01% tetrazolium (form red colonies). Growth occurs in the
presence of 0.1% thallous acetate and 0.02% sodium azide. Do not require folic acid for growth.
are non-hemolytic; rarely, strains exhibit beta-hemolysis.
Strains grow at 10 and 45 °C, survive heating at 60°C for 30 min, and grow in 6.5%
NaCl at pH 9.6 and in 0.1% methylene blue milk. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic.
Growth occurs in the presence of 0.04% tellurite, and in the presence of 0.01% tetrazolium (form red colonies). Growth occurs in the
presence of 0.1% thallous acetate and 0.02% sodium azide. Do not require folic acid for growth.
Isolated from feces & gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals including mammals, birds, insects, and reptiles. E. faecalis
represents the most commonly isolated enterococcal species from human clinical material (80–90%). Isolated also from
rectum and tonsils of dogs and cats, from plants, crustaceans, soil and contaminated waters.
Can contaminate carcasses, milk and dairy products during processing.
represents the most commonly isolated enterococcal species from human clinical material (80–90%). Isolated also from
rectum and tonsils of dogs and cats, from plants, crustaceans, soil and contaminated waters.
Can contaminate carcasses, milk and dairy products during processing.
Normal inhabitant of the human & animal intestine, may produce nosocomial infections.
- Pavel Svec and Luc A. Devriese, 2009: Genus I. Enterococcus (ex Thiercelin and Jouhaud 1903) Schleifer and Kilpper-Bälz
1984, 32VP in Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Second Edition, Volume Three, Vos, P.D.; Garrity, G.; Jones, D.;
Krieg, N.R.; Ludwig, W.; Rainey, F.A.; Schleifer, K.-H.; Whitman, W.B. (Eds.), pp 594-606. - Karl H. Schleifer andRenate Kilpper-Balz. Transfer of Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium to the Genus
Enterococcus nom. rev. as Enterococcus faecalis comb. nov. and Enterococcus faecium comb. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol January
1984 34:31-34; doi:10.1099/00207713-34-1-31.
Some strains produce a pseudocatalase.
Positive results for Voges-Proskauer, hydrolysis of hippurate, hydrolysis of esculin, pyrrolidonylarylamidase, arginine dihydrolase,
acid production from: glycerol, mannitol, sucrose, trehalose, D-tagatose, ribose, galactose, D-glucose, D-fructose, D-mannose,
N-acetylglucosamine, salicin, cellobiose, maltose, lactose, beta-gentiobiose, amygdalin & arbutin. Utilize pyruvate, citrate, malate &
serine.
Negative results for alpha-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, alkaline phosphatase, acid production from:
erythritol, D-arabinose, L-arabinose, alpha-methyl-xyloside, inositol, D-fucose, L-fucose , D- & L- xylose, adonitol,
L-sorbose, dulcitol, alpha-methyl-D-mannoside, alpha-methyl-Dglucoside, melibiose, inulin, D-raffinose, glycogen, xylitol,
D-turanose, D-lyxose, D-arabitol, L-arabitol & 5-ketogluconate.
Variable results for acid production from: rhamnose, sorbitol, melezitose, starch, gluconate & 2-keto-gluconate.
Positive results for Voges-Proskauer, hydrolysis of hippurate, hydrolysis of esculin, pyrrolidonylarylamidase, arginine dihydrolase,
acid production from: glycerol, mannitol, sucrose, trehalose, D-tagatose, ribose, galactose, D-glucose, D-fructose, D-mannose,
N-acetylglucosamine, salicin, cellobiose, maltose, lactose, beta-gentiobiose, amygdalin & arbutin. Utilize pyruvate, citrate, malate &
serine.
Negative results for alpha-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, alkaline phosphatase, acid production from:
erythritol, D-arabinose, L-arabinose, alpha-methyl-xyloside, inositol, D-fucose, L-fucose , D- & L- xylose, adonitol,
L-sorbose, dulcitol, alpha-methyl-D-mannoside, alpha-methyl-Dglucoside, melibiose, inulin, D-raffinose, glycogen, xylitol,
D-turanose, D-lyxose, D-arabitol, L-arabitol & 5-ketogluconate.
Variable results for acid production from: rhamnose, sorbitol, melezitose, starch, gluconate & 2-keto-gluconate.
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